How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 Essay Example

How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 Paper Windsor Castle is over 900 years old and is the oldest and largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor has changed a great deal over that period of time, from a wooden Motte and Bailey castle, to a medieval fortress, to the world famous tourist attraction and home to the royal family that it is today. In this essay I will look at the ways in which Windsor Castle has developed and changed over the last 9 centuries. Historians believe that Windsor Castle was built around the year 1080, over 900 years ago, when William the conqueror was in power. William was a French man, and won the throne and became King of England by wining the famous battle of Hastings. He built Windsor Castle originally as a Motte and Bailey castle. Motte and Bailey castles were very simple; wooden keeps built on an earth mounds that were surrounded at the base with an area that armies could live in. Source A shows a Motte and Bailey castle and its various parts. Motte and Baileys had advantages and disadvantages, on one side they were quick and easy to build and the materials used to build them were also cheap and widely available. We will write a custom essay sample on How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Very simple Motte and Baileys were constructed in as little as a week, depending on how many workers there were and the weather etc. On the other hand, they were lonely, smelly, cold place. They also were prone to collapse and rot. They were made from earth and wood, so when they got wet, they reeked, and as they were made of wood they burned easily. Windsor was an atypical castle in that it was built on a Motte (the mound) that was already there, naturally formed, it also had two baileys, (the part where armies lived at the base) which made it unusual . The advantages of Windsor were the river Thames on the doorstep and the woodlands at the rear. Windsor was originally built so that the King could keep control of his people. As he had taken the throne by force, he was not very popular in England, so he built a ring of castles around London so as to watch over his subjects and make sure they didnt revolt, and if they did, he would have an early warning from the soldiers based in the Motte and Baileys. One of which was Windsor. The castles were spread out in a formation very similar to the M25 today. During the late Middle Ages warfare increased, so Windsor Castle had to be strengthened. This was done in many ways. Henry the second had the castle rebuilt in stone, to make it stronger in 1160. He added a stone curtain wall around the castle and also the first round stone tower of Windsor inside a reinforced shell wall on the original Motte. This took until approximately 1179. Next Henry III turned the rest of the rectangular towers to round ones as they were easier to defend and attacks ricocheted off their rounded sides more easily than rectangular towers. Edward III went on the build the Norman Gateway (source B) He also built St Georges chapel, which is the place of worship at Windsor Castle which is now a memorial to King Henry VIII added murder holes to the Norman Gateway during his reign. Murder holes are holes in the ceiling of a gateway or passage way (in this case a gateway) through which defenders could fire weapons, or pour dangerous substances, boiling oil was a favourite, onto their attackers. They could also throw rocks, shoot arrows, or pour heated sand/water down on their enemies heads. During the 17th Century civil war broke out in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. During the war Windsor Castle was used as a jail by the Parliamentarians. The castle was captured by Oliver Cromwell after the battle of Edgehill in 1642 and was the Parliamentarian Headquarters as well as a prison until the end of the war. After his father Charles I was executed following being held at Windsor Charles II decided to change the castle, by making it as lavish as possible. He changed it to a baroque palace; baroque is a style of art and music, a baroque palace is fantastically over decorated, ornate, using irregular shapes etc, it is also often described as gothic style. By the 19th Century and the reign of George IV there was no warfare at all. The king changed Windsor to a fairytale castle. He raised the round tower, plus adding additional towers and battlements. He also added the George IV gateway and took his residence there in 1828. In 1863 the roof of the round tower was restored and its shape was changed to a cone. It was also used as a refuge by Queen Victoria after her beloved husband Albert died, she had a mausoleum constructed for Albert and herself, laying the first stone of the foundations herself, she spent the rest of her life making it as beautiful as she could for him. After this, it was turned into a tourist attraction. It remains a working castle and is still one of the Queens residencies. In 1992 a fire destroyed 1/5 of the floor space an area of about 9,000 mi. The restoration of the castle was not complete for five years, and was completed in 1997, 70% of the money used to restore Windsor was raised by the idea to open it to the public for the first time. Some of the rooms damages by the fire were so damaged that they had to be completely redesigned, contributing more to the changes, they were decorated in a somewhat gothic style, similar to when Windsor was a baroque palace. Windsor Castle has changed a lot over the almost 1000 years it has been in operation, but there are a few things which havent ever changed; Windsor has never changed sites, even when it was a small Motte Bailey castle back in roughly 1080. It has also never fallen into disrepair, many castles over time were abandoned and left to crumble away, but over nearly 10 decades, the changes that Windsor has undergone can be separated into types. Political, Social and Technological. The political changes are things such as Windsor being turned to stone, this was a decision made by the King, Henry II at the time, due to the increased warfare in England during the middle-ages, Windsor being used as a jail during the civil war in the 1600s this was a political change because the war was between two political groups; the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, Windsor was changed twice more, to a baroque palace by Charles II then to a fairytale castle by George IV, these changes are political because as the Kings changed so did the castle as they wanted different things, some wanted a defensive castle while others wanted a lavish place to live , A social change is a change that happened to do with society / people and example of this is the reason why William built the castle in the first place; to stop them revolting, Windsor was also changed because Charles I was beheaded there, this still effects the castle today as there are many kings queens buried there, adding t o the things that people come to see. Finally some examples of technological changes are Windsor being changed to stone (as well as a political change) as it went from being wooden to stone, Henry VIII added murder holes to the Norman gateway, George IV added the cone shaped roof and the rectangular tower being changed to what it now. Windsor castle has undergone many changes over the nearly 1000 years since its construction, from a Motte Bailey, to a stone keep from a prison to a fairytale castle as now a partial royal residency and world famous tourist attraction.

a prayer for owen meany essays

a prayer for owen meany essays A Prayer for Owen Meany, written by John Irving in 1989, is a novel that delves into many sensitive areas of American culture. Among the most prevalent of these are religion, anti-war, and anti-Americanism. This novel raises many questions about America and its values and, in most cases, shows America as the enemy of its own people. The story takes place in a small New Hampshire town before and during the Vietnam War. Johnny Wheelwright, a Canadian immigrant, in retrospect, narrates the novel. Johnny befriends a boy named Owen Meany who among many other oddities is a tiny boy with a shrill voice. Owen is responsible, by means of a fluke foul ball, for the death of Johnnys mother. Owens parents, who are not very stable or supporting, give Owen the impression that he was a miraculous virgin birth and thus the tool of God. When the boys school decided to perform A Christmas Carol for the school play, Owen is cast (more appropriately, casts himself) as the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. While acting his part Owen faints on stage. Upon waking, Owen claims to have seen his name and date of his death on the prop tombstone. The two boys then go on to attend a private prep school together. It is here that Owen insists that Johnny help him with the shot. This is where Johnny lifts Owen up as he runs towards t he basketball hoop to complete a slam-dunk. As the two grow older they both attend college and Owen enrolls in the ROTC program. He does so because he believes that God had called him to fight in Vietnam and die saving a group of Vietnamese school children. Owen also believes that Johnny has no place fighting in Vietnam and decides to help keep him out of the senseless war. To do so, Owen devises a plan to cut of Johnnys trigger finger, thus making him ineligible for the draft. While at the airport in Arizona (where Owen was stationed) the two come upon some nuns caring for a group of ...

Covenants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Covenants - Research Paper Example The goal of this paper is to take a closer look at 5 of the Old Testament’s greatest covenants between God and certain men. We will take a close look at each of these covenants and look at their details and conditions if any. We will then determine which of these covenants are conditional and dependent on the fidelity of the human, and which one is everlasting and unconditional. This will be done thru the paper's parts and discussions such as: The five covenants of the Old Testament Covenant of God with Noah ?Covenant of God with Abraham ?Covenant of God with Moses ?Covenant of God with David. ... Covenant of God with Noah Definition: This covenant was made between Noah and God, although it does affect all of creation. This came about during the time of the great flood and Noah’s ark. According to presenttruthmag.com, God made the covenant with Noah before the earth was destroyed by flood. This is what saved Noah and his family. Afterwards, when Noah stepped out of the ark and presented the Lord with a sacrifice, God renewed the covenant with Noah that the world would never again be destroyed by flood. Scriptural basis: The covenant of God and Noah started with the story of the world’s judgment, the building of the ark, and the great flood. This story can be found in the bible’s book of Genesis, Chapter 6-8. This chapter was mainly dedicated to the story of Noah’s acts and covenant with God. In Genesis 6:9, Noah is recognized to be a man who â€Å"walked with God†, setting him apart from the rest of the world. Genesis 6:11 then goes on to des cribe the world as being corrupt and the people within it, corrupt as well. The succeeding verses then tell the story of how God told Noah to build an ark, how to build it and what to do in preparation of the flood. This story goes on from the flood its self, to Noah’s burnt sacrifice until finally in Genesis 8:20, the lord renewed the covenant and swore never again to â€Å"curse the ground† for our sake. This makes the covenant a covenant of salvation because the lives of evil men are spared in conjunction with God’s oath to Noah not to curse the land again. According to presenttruthmag.com, this is similar to Acts 27 when a ship full of people was saved because of the presence of Paul in the ship. Features: This covenant mainly revolves around

Nepotism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nepotism - Research Paper Example Nepotism may make someone hire a relative at the expense of someone who has work experience as well as stronger education base. However, sometimes the relative is the most qualified but it will still give the impression of nepotism. The ethics of nepotism in business go hand in hand with business structure. The business structure can indicate that the business is family owned. This shows that that its establishment was under sole proprietorship or partnership meaning that the owner owns and controls it. The owners can also combine with their family members who act as partners. In some case however, the partnership is not family owned. This way, nepotism is more questionable when one partner decides to employ his family members yet other partners have an ownership stake interest in the operation. Many businesses all over the world are family owned businesses. They play an important role in the economic development in their respective countries. Family businesses face one critical problem, which is the issue of nepotism. In developed countries, measures have been taken to curb nepotism whereas in developing countries, it is part of their daily lives (Sidani, Yusuf & Thornberry 69). In today’s business life, nepotism is evidently rampant. Workers in such family businesses compete with the favored personnel; it is hard to for them to be promoted because there are not awarded according to the abilities and knowledge. This environment therefore portrays unfair competition and it will have negative effects on nonfamily personnel. A critical sufficient study that analyzes such an environment is essential in order to understand the topic on family firms, job satisfaction, negative word of mouth, intention of quitting the job and their relationships with nepotism (Sidani, Yusu f & Thornberry 70). Qualification factors that employers should consider include knowledge, ability to success,

Arabic culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arabic culture - Essay Example Geography plays a vital role in forcing the Arabs to opt for long dresses which cover the entire body. It should be noted that Middle East is perhaps the hottest region in this earth. Because of the proximity of deserts, the atmospheric temperature in most of the Middle Eastern countries is in the range of 35 to 45 degree Celsius during the majority of the months in a year. In order to escape from extreme heat, Arabs use long white cloths and head covers. White colour has the ability to reflect heat whereas black colour has the ability to absorb heat. That is why Arabs mostly interested in white dresses. Arabs normally like non-vegetarian foods because of their geographical peculiarities. Fishing is a traditional revenue source for Arabs because since most of the Arab countries are located near the seashores. It is difficult for the Arabs to grow vegetables in open air because of the extreme heat and humid conditions. So, historically, they included items like fish, meat, egg etc mor e in their dishes. In fact vegetarian foods are expensive in the Arab world compared to the non-vegetarian foods. In short, geography has influenced Arab food habits very much. â€Å"Black tea is the most common drink among Arab world, usually the Lipton brand name. You can also find a delicious tea made from hibiscus flowers - zouhourat. This tea has a light yellow colour and a delicate, flowery flavour† (Syrian Drinks: Repast in a Teacup). Sulaimani (Black tea) is the major drink among Arab people.

Reviewing Retail Stores Service Of The Seven Eleven Malaysia Marketing Essay

Reviewing Retail Stores Service Of The Seven Eleven Malaysia Marketing Essay The main purpose of this report critically reviewing retail stores service of the 7-Eleven Malaysia at last two years and how the main role person respond to those challenges. Concept of 7-Eleven retail stores is, to be best retailer of convenience. 7-Eleven facing two major challenges such as, how factors in the external environment and market forces. The record stores are responding to the challenges in terms of product development an innovation, marketing is being organized in local level and the relationships are developed among consumers. 7-Eleven Malaysia is first franchisor system marketer in Malaysia. 1.0 Objectives: Point out what the challenges faced 7-Eleven retail at last two years. Recommend 7-Eleven retail stores of the Malaysia as best retail marketing among all retails in Malaysia. Ensure in all process 7-Eleven retail shows targets (goals) consumers. Overall of this report only point out challenges faced of the 7-Eleven Malaysia retail at last to years. 2. Overview of the retail 2.01 Retail In April 1984, the first 7-Eleven convenience store in Malaysia was opened in Bukit Bintang Kuala Lumpur pursuant to an Amendment to the Area Service And License Agreement dated 19 April 1983 signed between 7-Eleven, Inc. (USA) (owner of the 7-Eleven branded names and various parties. 7-Eleven focus is in the operation of a chain of conveniences stores and direct selling of consumer durables with installment option schemes. 2.02 7-Eleven product 7-Eleven convenience stores commonly offer a range of grocery and food items including hot food and beverages. In contrast, many of the provision shops and mini markets offer primary grocery items. Also offer services that are usually only available in more specialized store, such as pre-paid mobile phone reload, fax, photocopying services. A selected number of 7-eleven convenience stores also sell automotive supplies and offer access to ATM. These type of products and services provided by 7-Eleven Malaysia. Product: Tobacco product, beverage, confectioneries snack foods, household good, publications, perishables and other foods. Services: Food services and in store services. The numbers of differences increase from year 1984 to year 2010 in product levels. Whichever 7-Eleven stores selling are customers expected product. Need when all shop closed at night because not all shops open 24hours. Price Malaysia 7-Eleven retail currently embarking on a program to franchise a significant proportion of existing 7-Eleven convenience stores. The franchising program will provide 7-Eleven stores with additional income derived mainly from franchising fees and will free up capital for reinvestment in areas. All 7-Eleven stores price level higher then mini market and other retail stores. But customers willing buy for higher price because only 7-Eleven open 24 hours. When the other store closed 7-Eleven open for customer needs. Price differences are RM0.20 to RM1.00. For example: Beverage and snacks normal price between RM1.20 to RM1.40 but in 7-Eleven selling around RM2.00 to RM2.30. However, in price wise 7-Eleven might competitive with other retailers. 2.04 Place 7-Eleven convenience stores are commonly located at high-traffic and easily accessible sites such as along side busy roads, highway rest stops, petrol stations, transportation hubs and shopping centers. This makes it easy and convenient for customer to visit the stores. The 7-Eleven brand names are an established and global brand name that has generated high brand name awareness among consumers. So, 1,127 7-Eleven convenience stores spread throughout to Peninsular and East Malaysia. There is good chance that 7-Eleven stores are located close to most urban customers. Surround Malaysia, 7-Eleven needed when emergency situation for consumers. Easy to purchase food and things whenever client needs. 2.05 Promotion 7-Eleven Malaysia promoted every month such as contest and promote certain products. Pick certain products reduce the price and promote for 1 month or 2 month period. Monthly highlights food and non food parties for promote 7-Eleven among public. 7-Eleven prize certificate is an ideal convenient gift as it is valid at all 7-Eleven Malaysia. 7-Eleven Malaysia visit some handicapped to contribute some foods and non food. Malaysia 7-Eleven retail won number of awarded with a National Franchisee of the Year and Best outlets sales growth categories from YB Dato Tan Lian Hoe, Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade Cooperative and Consumerism. Each month promotes 7-Eleven retails websites like own 7-Eleven websites and Facebook. 7-Eleven retails announce through newsletter as The Star, New Straits Times, See Hua Daily, Oriental Daily, Kosmo and The Sun. 2.06 Process The Retailer Initiative concept, individual 7-Eleven convenience stores prepare a sale fore cast for their goods. Each convenience store has access to 14 weeks of historical sales analysis data to help in preparing the sales fore cast (Appendix- A). Orders for goods are made based on the sales forecast. 7-Eleven stores send their orders for goods to a Business to Business vendor, which is simultaneously notified to 7-Elevens head office and the CDC. The BTB vendor aggregates orders from individual 7-Eleven convenience stores, and places orders to good vendors. A substantial portion of the goods that the group purchases for its 7-Eleven convenience stores are delivered to the groups CDC. In keeping with the flow-through warehouse concept, the CDC acts as a central clearing house that distributes goods from various vendors to individual 7-Eleven convenience stores. Some goods, such as tobacco product, products with short shelf life (such as newspaper and bread) and product that require specialist channels (such as an ice-cream and chocolate) are delivered directly from the vendor to individual 7-Eleven convenience store. The good are received by individual 7-Eleven convenience store, where they are checked to ensure that the order is complete. The goods are then placed on display at the 7-Eleven convenience stores and sold to customers. 2.07 Sales life-cycle 7-Eleven Groups inventory turnover for the year 2009 is 39days. Most of the merchandise are non-perishable with the exception of food and certain health and beauty aids (HABA) products. Such food and certain HABA products are perishable and carry expire dates. Should such products remain unsold or expire and in the event such products are not returnable, the costs of these products would be written off. This will adversely affects the results of the stores. However, 7-Eleven retails has mitigated such risk by having special arrangements with his suppliers where by most unsold or damaged products can be returned to the suppliers at their costs. The costs of these returned products will be set off against the amount owing to the respective suppliers. 3.0 Risk and Challenges 7-Eleven Malaysia faces number of risk and challenges at last two years. Through political, economical and some other retail push some difficulties. However 7-Eleven out from those difficulties become success level. 3.01 Specific Risk 7-Eleven retail affected by political such license risk, competition in the retailing and convenience store industry. Among sales cycle of perishable products return. Security risks and high turnover store operations staff. Finally, 7-Eleven retail recorded low margin among all retail group in Malaysia. 3.02 Employees well train 7-Eleven stores continuously employ and trains staff via its new Employee Training Program and Store Manager Training Program. The training centre is in KL there are also 35 training stores all over Malaysia to ensure the sufficient flow of trained workforce for 7-Eleven outlets new convenience stores. So, 7-Eleven employees know how to impress and serve customers. 3.03 Competition amongst existing retailers Consumers now enjoy a wide choice from spectrum of retail outlets ranging from small private retailers, mini markets, shopping centers to hypermarkets. The entry of foreign retail player into the market has undoubtedly intensified all areas of competition including price, quality, variety and convenience. 7-Eleven retails Group faces competition from various retailers such as 99 Speed mart, Tesco, Carrefour and Giant. Petrol kiosks such as Shell, PETRONAS, and ESSO also have ventured into the operation of convenience stores such as Select, Mesra and Tiger Mart. In terms of operations, 7-Eleven convenience stores have a distinct competitive advantage compared to other retailers because it open 24 hours a day whilst most of the other retailers do not operate on a 24 hours basis. 7-Eleven convenience stores have an advantage over petrol kiosk based convenience stores in terms of location as 7-Eleven convenience stores are not restricted geographically in terms of location where stores may be opened. Petrol kiosks, on the other hand, can only be opened in certain approved locations designated for the purpose. 3.04 Entry of new players 7-Eleven retailers also faces the inherent risk of entry of new player to the convenience change industry in Malaysia, especially established foreign convenience store giants like Circle K, am/pm, Lawson, and Family Mart which are direct competitors of 7-Eleven worldwide. Currently, the aforementioned stores do not have a presence in Malaysia, but their existence in Japan, Taiwan, Hongkong and Thailand are evidence of their interests in the East Asian region. Nonetheless, 7-Eleven convenience stores have been operating in Malaysia for 25 years and have successfully built a strong reputation, thus providing advantages to 7-Eleven retail Malaysia over renew entrants. In addition, 7-Eleven has implemented the market concentration business concept to protect its business by expanding market share and creating a dominant market position to discourage other players from entering the market. 3.05 Security Risk As the 7-Eleven convenience stores operate on a 24 hours basis it is inevitably affected by pilferage, shoplifting theft and robbery. This is a real risk faced by all 24 hours convenience stores. To mitigate such risk, all 7-Eleven convenience stores are filled with closed-circuit television and time delayed safes. In additional, 7-Eleven has taken insurance coverage for theft and robbery. 3.06 Low margins recorded by 7-Eleven However the risk arising from the low margins recorded by the 7-Eleven are mitigated through its efficient cash flow management and usage of trade lines from financial institution to fund its operations. Moving forward, the revenue of the 7-Eleven retail is expected to grow further with the full implementation of its from chaise program. The franchise programs which also aim to provide a sense of ownership to the franchisees, is anticipated to drive revenue and profit of the 7-Eleven retail and B- retail group through increased sales as well as enabling the 7-Eleven group to the free up capital for investment. 4.0 Marketing and distribution channel strategies 4.01 7-Eleven marketing strategies 7-Eleven marketing strategies for the 7-Eleven brand name is to position 7-Eleven as the convenience store of choice. 7-Eleven meet the challenge strives to create strong brand name values to associate shopping at 7-Eleven convenience stores with convenience values and choice. 7-Eleven conduct national advertisement campaigns to promote the 7-Eleven brand name. Advertisements are normally placed on television, radio and in print media such as newspaper and magazines. In addition, 7-Eleven periodically organize events and competitions to encourage customers to shop at 7-Eleven convenience stores. 4.02 Distribution channel Distribution channel strategy for 7- eleven is currently primarily based on direct distribution. 7 Elevens direct distribution strategy is executed through its chain of 7-eleven convenience stores. As at LPO, almost all of the 7-Eleven convenience stores in Malaysia are operated by 7-Eleven and CSSSB, while thirty eight (38) of 7-Eleven stores are operated by franchisees. As part of 7-elevens future plans, has begun to sign up entrepreneurs to operate existing 7-eleven convenience stores on a franchise basis. As at LPO, a total of 142 candidates have paid the deposit and initial franchise fee for the franchise program. In additional, 7-eleven formalized a joint collaboration with Perwira Niaga Malaysia (PERNAMA) in December 2009 to offer at least 100 ex-servicemen resettlement opportunity with job placement at 7-eleven stores within the next two(2) years, with the aim of becoming 7-eleven franchise. 4.03 Place 7-Eleven keep on open new stores wherever 7-eleven dont place. 7- Eleven make new operation system will facilitate to costumers. 7-Eleven will delivery good and branded product. What is consumers expected product will get in 7-Eleven. Will more convenience to consumers. 4.04 Product and Service 7-Eleven is expending food service offering at 7-Eleven convenience stores by offering new premium fresh food and beverage items to customers. 7-Eleven retails plans to work closely with fresh food manufacturers that are located close to 7-Eleven convenience stores to supply freshly prepared food items, including local specialties, for sale at 7-eleven convenience stores. 7-Eleven retails have embarked on a pilot Hot Beverage program which was launched on 19 April 2009. The goal of the Hot Beverage programme is to provide customer with both high quality and freshly brewed specialty coffee at affordable prices, available to customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The pilot program was a success, and 7-Eleven expects to roll out the Hot Beverage program to about 100 7-Eleven stores in 2010. 7-Eleven retails efforts to introduce new premium fresh food and beverage items at 7 -eleven convenience stores are ongoing. New items are being progressively introduced at its 7-eleven convenience stores. According to Johansson, J.K (1997), competitor is very important to improve quality of product and service makes more affordable. 5.0 Conclusion 7-Eleven retails of the Malaysia are a basically very outstanding of other retailer because of time wise and service. Since, year 1984 to 1996 growth average 60% only among other retailers. After the year of 1996 7-Eleven retails put some different afford from other retails improved 10% average. 7-Eleven was achieved challenges from difficulties. 7-Eleven growth among other retails in Malaysia and it is in top level. Competitors will continuously open same retails like 7-eleven with different name as well. 7-Eleven retails contest and promotion forward coming year and future. Contribution should forward a year two (2) or three (3) times. This will impressed consumer heart. The future plan may result in 7-Eleven retails facing business and operational risks which may include, inter alia, insufficient cash flow funding capability and inadequate experienced workforce. The mitigate these risks, director will ensure that adequate funding of store growth is available either through internally generated funds and borrowings. 7-Eleven practices stringent selection guideline and review policies before embarking on any decision to open new convenience stores. Additionally, going forward, 7-Eleven retails is not envisaged to record further interest income from its related companies in view that all non- trade debts owing by related companies outside the group have been fully settled.

The Holocaust: World War Two Essay -- Socialist Nazi Germany Hitler

The Holocaust: World War II The Nazis and their collaborators accounted for the execution of over six million Jews in World War II. In 1933 the twenty one countries that Germany would come to occupy as a result of the war, were occupied by nine million Jews. By 1945 two out of three of these Jews were heartlessly executed. Adding to these victims, Hitler targeted social outcasts such as homosexuals, the disabled, and Gypsies. Poles and Slavs were targeted for their labor, and Soviets faced death by the millions as prisoners of war. Still more, political and religious leaders were exterminated because they were seen as threats. The Holocaust was an example of the terror felt during the Nazi regime. The end of World War I up until 1933 was a time of economic and political crisis for Germany as a result of this war. President Hindenburg looked towards the right wing group, the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi for short), one of Germany strongest parties to help the nation out of its rut. At the time the leader of the Nazi’s was Adolf Hitler. Hindenburg saw his potential as a leader and made him Chancellor, Germany’s most powerful position in government on January 30, 1933. In less then three months Hitler used his cabinet, Security Police, Storm Troppers, and the State Police to change Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship under his power. With his cabinet he rewrote the constitution and took away individual freedoms, the right to assemble, and the freedom of speech and the press. Hitler’s group of specialty officers arrested political leaders who opposed him. By March of 1933 he had so much control he w... ...s most shameful events, and the Nazi terror was so much worse because it was unprovoked. - Poltorak,A. and Y. Zaitsev. Remember Nuremberg. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1966. - Horn, Daniel. Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1976 - Kauders, Anthony. German Politics and the Jews. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1996 - Nachmann, Werner, Nahum Goldmann, and Helmut Schmidt. An Exhortation and Obligation. Cologne: Federal Republic of Germany, 1978. - Lewin, Abraham. A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. - Lifton, Robert Jay, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killings and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books Inc, 1986. - Gutman, Isreal. Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994.

Investigatory Project on Mouthwash

I- INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study An effective mouthwash is one that does not only make the breath fresh but also serves as an antiseptic. It should not simply mask the effective mouth odor caused by excessive activity of anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the mouth. There is a need to prevent the increase in the population. B. Statement of the problem A mouthwash is a solution in addition to regular oral hygiene methods such as brushing and flossing. Alternative mouth gargles can be prepared from locally available plants such as herbs and fruit bearing ones. Certain plant parts may have active ingredients that have antimicrobial activity. An example is the Star Apple (chrisophyllum cainito) that contains essential oils found to be efficient in neutralizing mouth conditions and in freshening breath. This study aims to answer following questions: †¢ Is Star Apple leaves decoction can be effective mouthwash? Can the Star Apple leaves extract kill the bacteria inhabiting in the mouth ? C. Significance of the study In this study the people will benefit because they can use it in the prevention of dental diseases and maintenance of the oral health and it can be used for preventing gums and oral infections. D. Scope and Delimitation of the study This study only tested the feasibility of Star Apple leaves as mouthwash. Recommendation It is suggested that more research be conducted to further isolate, identify, characterize and elucidate the bioactive compounds from Chrysophylum albidum. In conclusion, the result of this study justifies the traditional uses of the leaves of Chrysophylum albidum for therapeutic purposes. The findings could also be of commercial interest to both pharmaceutical companies and research institute in the production of new drugs.?

Role of Media

Role of Media Media PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2Running Head: ROLE OF MEDIARole of MediaRole of MediaDifferent countries have different regulations and laws. In China, the media are under the control of government and serve for the government. They are called government's 'throats' and 'tones', which means media speak for the government. It is still a long way to go for Chinese media to realize the media public sphere. In western countries, the media system seems more democratic.On one hand the media reports will find out the problems in the society, give advises to the governments and help the governments make progress in order to provide for the citizens better services. In this sense, the media are tools for the public to benefit themselves. On the other hand, media have to be influenced by the governmental activities so that media become the ruling methods of the governments.English: A Taiwan television news program simulati...Economic factor also influences the contents of media. Audiences do have needs from media. The media programs have to concern audience needs if they want to earn profits. The media must "respond in a competitive market-place to what people want, and express their views and interests" (Curran, 2000: p.129). As a result, the privately owned broadcasting system speaks for people (Curran, 2000). The state-owned media has less pressure from the market because a large amount of their economic supports are from the governments. Almost all the traditional media in China are owned by the government so they speak for the government. However, a new regulation that aimed at bringing the industry in line with a shift towards a free market economy was put in place in China at the end of 2003 that the newspapers "must be financially independent from central government" (BBC News Online, 2003, ref 3).

Aviation Professionalism Essays

Aviation Professionalism Essays Aviation Professionalism Essay Aviation Professionalism Essay Aviation Professionalism The Qualifications, Attributes, Ethics, and Responsibilities of Aviation Professionals Yadvinder Singh ASCI – 202 Anthony Miller March 7, 2013 Once someone joins the Airlines industry as a professional, be it a pilot, a technician, or an air traffic controller, they are committing to a certain level of responsibility and expectation. In my experience I have come across professionals who I have felt suited their role to near perfection while others in the same position at times fall short of basic expectations. The issue of professionalism and responsibility in the airline industry has been in focus recently due to some recent events like the Northwest pilots flying past their destination airport, in-flight breakdowns and rants by pilots and flight attendants, and airline mergers. I feel that sometimes media speculation exaggerates the issues presented to society and highlights mistakes where the public gets the impression that these types of incidents and errors are taking place daily. The reality is that safety measures are an integral part of an airline worker’s training and major errors or incidents occur rather infrequently. At the same time, another reality is that a mistake made by an airline employee, whether pilot, technician, or air traffic controller runs the risk of being fatal and this is where the attributes and ethics of an individual come into play. Pilots are required to complete extensive training and log thousands of hours of flight time before they can land a job with the major carriers, so I feel the qualifications alone can be met by many but perhaps there needs to be some sort of training or measure of ethical behavior of an individual because that can help determine how they will treat the level of responsibility associated with their job. Most flights complete their course without incident and this can naturally cause someone to relax their mind or reflexes a little, but no flight should be treated with any negligence whatsoever. The incident with the Northwest flight (NY Times 2009) crew is an ideal example of this. The pilots had a combined flying experience of over 30,000 hours, yet they committed an error that resulted in a major embarrassment and which could have cost lives. The main cause cited for this blunder is that the pilots were distracted during flight because they were engaged in personal matters on their laptops, which is a violation of airline safety guidelines. Is the root reason for this incident just poor judgment and misbehavior of the pilots or perhaps not enough emphasis on responsibility in their training? The hundreds of hours of flight time required to be a pilot come with a hefty price, so anyone who is a pilot has surely proven their passion and persistence for flying. However, it’s a wonder that this same dedication doesn’t follow through for some once they’ve landed a job with a major carrier and I think it may be because the path is often so strenuous that getting a job itself is treated as the goal, when it actually is a stepping stone to really being a pilot. Air traffic controllers have also been in the news recently with incidents of suspicion that they are distracted and even sleeping on the job (USA Today, 2011). Here is a profession where mistakes are simply not allowed because the repercussions can very likely be fatal. I think there has to be a close monitoring of on the job behavior because the job itself runs the risk of complacency. It’s important to note that fatal incidents have been few and far between, but the risk is still great enough to warrant better oversight. A person who works as an air traffic controller needs to be one who is naturally very focused and detail oriented because the rules, the risks, the guidelines and need to be responsible and focused can be taught, but ultimately, this is behavior they have to showcase. Technicians are a group of people I’ve had several years of close working experience with as both a former technician and in my current role of Inspector. Unfortunately, the current crop of technicians are a group I find to be well intentioned, but without enough working experience as they’re often straight out of high school. This doesn’t mean they don’t possess the necessary attributes or approach to be successful and responsible technicians, because these are often the deciding factors but I think there needs to be more training and understanding of the great deal of responsibility they are taking on as technicians. Professionalism to me is a good mix of knowledge, a candid commitment to ones job, the disciplined passion, and the ability to make proper but sound judgments. To put it into simple terms Professionalism simply means doing the right thing, even when you have had a long day and also when you are not in some spotlight. Whether you are a pilot, a technician, or an air traffic controller or any employee in the aviation profession these attributes or qualities have to be considered in taking the professional approach in today’s aviation profession. Matthew L. Wald (2009, Oct 26). Off-Course Pilots Cite Computer Distraction. NY Times. Retrieved October 26, 2002 from nytimes. com/2009/10/27/us/27plane. html? _r=0 Alan Levin (2011, Apr 21). Recent air controller incidents no signs of crisis, experts say. Us Today. Retrieved April 21, 2011 from http://travel. usatoday. com/flights/story/2011/04/Recent-air-controller-incidents-no-sign-of-crisis-experts-say/46338056/1

Descriptive Statistics of the Business Model Project

Descriptive of the Business Model - Statistics Project Example Descriptive Statistics of the Business Model From table 1.1, which gives Descriptive Statistics, the mean of driving distance for the current model is 272.85 and that of new model is 269. Hence the mean of the new model is 3.85 lower than the mean for current model. The standard deviation of the current model and new model are 9.81 and 11.434 respectively. Coefficient of variation is a measure of reliability and it depicts the consistency of a series of data. If it is lower for a series of data, then the series is considered to be more reliable than the series which has relatively greater coefficient of variation. It is computed as SD divided by mean multiplied by 100. It is expressed in percentage. When we evaluate the coefficient of variation for both the models, the coefficient of variation is 3.6% for the first model and 4.25% for the second model. Hence the current model seems to be more reliable than the new model. To test whether this difference of 3.85 is significant or not we perform independent t-test. To know the ext reme values (both current and new model) both upper 5 and lower 5 values, the following table 1.2 is given. From graph 1.1, Boxplots allow us to compare each group using a five-number summary: the median, the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the minimum and maximum observed values that are not statistically outlying. Outliers and extreme values are given special attention The heavy black line inside each box marks the 50th percentile, or median, of that distribution.

Management and Organisations Individual REPORT Essay

Management and Organisations Individual REPORT - Essay Example Through such cultures, the allowance of personal goals to subsume the team goals becomes rather difficult as they go against the core drivers for elements of self-preservation. The elements of team operation have a major effect on considering the different teams and elements types for team effectiveness. The major components of team effectiveness include viability and performance. Performance focuses on success in the delivery of several outputs (that is, services, products, information, or performance events) to the prospective consumers across the organization. The organization viability element has a future orientation and inclusion of continuity. The variability of viability is the ability towards maintaining the integral group membership while responsibility has to do with a shared group purpose. Cohesion refers to the responsibility of appreciating each of the team member’s contributions while capability describes the accomplishment of shared purposes (Cascio, 2006). For gaining success, teams have to focus on the integration of viability and performance. Researchers offer different explanatory models towards helping accurate conceptualization of team effectiveness. There is a pioneering development into input-process-output model in measuring organization effectiveness. Even with the age of the idea, most other models for work group effectiveness have a heavy reliance on it. Inputs have a key change driver for processes in case they mediate the effects of such inputs to their issues (Mullins, 2007). Inputs embrace all personal elements (such as experience, expertise, personality, and status) brought to teams when formation. The process variables engage the interaction of different team members of social information exchange, attempts leadership, and influence) as well as inherently dynamic outputs. They refer to yields from the group. From these, process variables